A History of the Ministry of Information, 1939-46
[Text Missing] 39718/20975. 11/44. W.R.R. & S. Ltd. GP 38. (14).
MINISTRY OF INFORMATION
HOME INTELLIGENCE WEEKLY REPORT
SECRET
No. 218. 7th December, 1944
(Covering period from 28th November to 5th December, 1944)
I. GENERAL COMMENTS
1. General
There is little change in spirits this week. The Prime Minister's deletion of the word ‘early’ from his forecast of a summer ending to the European war has checked what little reviving hope there was of an early end. War weariness is again widely reported.
Unrest in liberated countries, particularly Greece, is causing considerable anxiety.
On the home front present and postwar employment and housing, together with clothing difficulties, remain the chief preoccupations. In addition, the poor quality and high price of toys are much criticised.
The White Paper on Britain's war effort has caused great satisfaction and pride in our achievement.
Relatives of Servicemen qualifying for early home leave are greatly cheered at the prospect of seeing their men soon.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13)
2. Liberated Europe
People are very uneasy about the unrest in liberated countries, particularly Belgium and Greece. They fear these disturbances may delay our armed forces, and feel that liberated territories should be under supreme Allied control. Many are impatient that these peoples cannot even agree among themselves and that they do not appreciate the sacrifices of Allied lives which have been made in order to liberate them. Others feel trouble between provisional Governments and resistance movements is inevitable.
Opinion is divided about the rights and wrongs of the disputes: Left wingers have considerable sympathy for the resistance movements and are suspicious of British Government policy. They say: “It is obvious we are bolstering up reactionary Governments and are using our armed forces to do this. We remember Darlan and Badoglio and wonder how far our Government believes in democratic control”. Right wingers fear Communist domination.
The fighting at Athens is deplored (Preliminary reactions only have been received).
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13)
3. Western front
Though first hopes of the present offensive have been disappointed, people on the whole continue to think our progress satisfactory. Some interpret the present “hold-up” as meaning that a big breakthrough is being planned; a few wonder if Field Marshal Montgomery is repeating his Caen tactics.
There is increasing awareness of the difficulties in the face of our advance - particularly the weather and the “surprising” stiffness of German resistance. Much bitter fighting is thought to lie ahead and heavy casualties are feared.
Admiration and sympathy for the troops continue. People hope everything possible is being done to alleviate the terrible conditions under which they have to fight.
The air offensive (Seven Regions). Much satisfaction; and continued amazement at the way the German people stand up to it.
The successes of the French forces are again praised (Seven Regions).
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13)
3a. Germany
Opinion continues strongly against “anything but the severest treatment of Germany”.
Speculation about Hitler is on familiar lines.
(1. 3. 4. 5. 7. 9. 10)
4. The White Paper on the United Kingdom war effort
The publication is widely and enthusiastically approved and has produced a feeling of considerable pride in our achievements. The figures came as a revelation to most people... “now we know why civilian goods are so short”; to some they came as a shock, particularly the merchant navy losses; others looked on them as “stale news”, primarily for export.
While people are pleased to know what they have achieved, they are even more delighted at the prospect of the rest of the world learning about it... “high time we told the world and blew our own trumpet”. It is greatly hoped that Britain's war effort will be given full publicity abroad, specially in America and Russia. The White Paper is thought to be “a jolly good answer to all who have tried to belittle our efforts”, whether Allies or enemies. It is only regretted that the publication did not take place earlier, as it might then have prevented Allied criticisms and German insinuations. Some pleasure is expressed at the Paper's reception in the U.S.A.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 10. 11. 12. 13)
5. Army leave
Pleasure at the prospect of leave for some of the men serving overseas is again widespread, particularly in districts where a local regiment has been abroad for some years. Though most think the lottery quite fair, a minority criticise this system and a few think each case should be considered on its merits.
People hope leave will soon be possible for all men with three or more years' service overseas. A few wives are afraid men home from the Middle East may be drafted to the Far East when their leave expires.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12)
6. Rockets
The point most often mentioned this week is the belief that damage and casualties are considerably worse than official statements indicate (Nine Regions), and some wild rumours are attributed to lack of information. Otherwise the familiar anxious and sympathetic comment continues.
In the areas affected reactions seem to have changed little since last week; strain, fear, and resignation all being reported. Countermeasures and the relative disadvantages of rockets and flying bombs continue to be discussed. The most notable rumour of the week comes from the South Eastern District... “5,000 drowned in an Underground shelter”.
The only reported change in London this week has been a slightly increased desire for evacuation; private evacuation is said to have increased. It is suggested that, even if organised evacuation is not arranged, people in priority classes should have their fares paid if they have anywhere to go.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 7. 8. 9. 10. 12)
6a. The Burton-on-Trent explosion
People were shocked by the disaster, and have great sympathy for the sufferers. There has been considerable speculation about its cause, and suggestions or rumours are:
-
Sabotage (Eight Regions), by
-
V2 (Four Regions).
-
The ordinary risks of war (Two Regions). Some people are anxious “because there must be other such places where the same thing may occur”.
-
Escaped German prisoners of war (One Region).
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 12)
7. Far East
Interest has been maintained, and the demand continues for more and better maps, particularly of Burma, and more information “to bring this area into its true perspective”. Opinion about the duration of the war with Japan is divided; while some think she may be defeated sooner than was expected, others feel she will be “a very tough nut to crack”. Relatives are said to dread the thought of their men being sent to the Far East when the European war is over.
The bombing of Tokyo (Eleven Regions) is widely praised.
Burma (Ten Regions): Interest continues steady. Satisfaction with progress and much sympathy for the men are reported.
China (Eight Regions): There is much anxiety. Recent changes in the Government have attracted interest and it is hoped the “reshuffle of Ministers” may do some good. People speculate about how this will link up with changes in the American command.
Japanese atrocities against prisoners of war (Seven Regions): Horror and hatred continue. Relations of prisoners in Japanese hands are very worried and anxious, their fears being increased by recent disclosures and by lack of news.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13)
8. Italy
Military : Little comment about the fighting. People seem increasingly inclined to regard progress - though slow - as being satisfactory in view of the weather, terrain and difficulties generally. There is, however, a feeling that the campaign is being fought with too few men and too little material, and there are some misgivings about the armies' food supplies. There is great admiration and sympathy for the troops, who must, it is felt, be thoroughly “browned off” by now.
Field Marshal Sir Harold Alexander : Widespread pleasure at this “long overdue” promotion of a “known and competent leader who does not seek the limelight”. Though the date from which the promotion is to take effect is noted with satisfaction, some people think the press and B.B.C. went too far in “stressing that this makes Alexander senior to Montgomery”.
Political : Considerable uneasiness at stories of political unrest in Italy. People are not very clear as to the situation, but there are three trends of thought: (i) Almost complete lack of sympathy for Italy and the Italians; many, indeed, dislike and despise them. (ii) Suspicion as to our Government's attitude to Italy... “too lenient” ... “bolstering up the old gang”. (iii) Impatience at any idea of military progress being retarded by political disagreement.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 10. 12. 13)
8a. Italian, German and Russian prisoners of war
Italian : Reduced comment on familiar lines - all of it adverse, except a word of praise from farmers in the Northern Region who welcome the help given by Italians.
German : It is complained in Newmarket that people have been refused admission to the local hospital for some time past, as beds were being kept vacant for casualties, and that now they are occupied by German wounded; there is said to be much irritation about this. Similar talk has been reported about Gloucester Infirmary.
Russian prisoners, captured in Normandy and now in this country, are said to make excellent farm hands... “smart in appearance and gluttons for work”.
See also Constant Topics, No. 3.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 7. 8. 9. 10)
9. Russia
Military : Although some people continue satisfied with Russian progress, the advance in Hungary arousing most interest and approval, a growing number are mystified by the comparative inaction. People are particularly bewildered by the failure to take either Warsaw or Budapest. Though the majority expect a big offensive when the hard frosts set in, a considerable number say “she's not trying”, and suspect political motives.
Political : Distrust and uneasiness about Russia's intentions are again reported (Six Regions), especially in relation to the Balkans. It is feared that her influence in this region will preponderate over ours after the war and that “we shall have trouble”.
Russo-Polish relations : Uneasiness continues.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13)
10. The crisis in Canada
Limited interest only. There is: Concern at the “mutiny” among Canadian Servicemen over compulsory foreign service; Incomprehension... “If it applies to other members of the Commonwealth, it should apply to Canada”; Pained surprise... “In view of the part France has played in this war, why should French Canadians object to serving abroad?” Disappointment, “as Canada had always been thought one of the most loyal Dominions”; Bitterness.
Aggravating factors are thought to be left-wing influence, or, alternatively, Roman Catholic priests.
(2. 3. 5. 7. 8. 10. 12)
11. International civil aviation conference at Chicago
During the past two weeks very little comment has been reported. People accuse the U.S.A. of wanting to go back to “the old cut-throat days” and think her attitude precluded any possibility of agreement. Britain is accused of not being firm enough; some think preliminary agreement with the Dominions would have strengthened our position.
A few people think the Russians were wise not to attend.
(1. 5. 6. 7. 10. 13)
12. News presentation and B.B.C. programmes
News presentation continues to be thought generally satisfactory, though less interest is reported this week. There are renewed complaints, however, that our troops do not receive sufficient publicity - particularly in comparison with the Americans.
War Commentaries - particularly by Hastings, Joubert and Strachey - and War Reports continue to be praised.
There are again complaints of poor reception.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12)
II. SPECIAL COMMENTS
LAST FULL MONTHLY REVIEW
13. Postwar
During the past four weeks grave apprehension has continued about jobs, industry, trade and housing - and scepticism about the Government's intentions or ability to deal with these and other problems. Scepticism has been increased by the King's speech opening the new session of Parliament as “it gives little hope of early progress in social legislation, particularly national insurance”.
The feeling is growing that full employment and all postwar reforms will depend on Britain regaining and developing her export trade.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13)
14. Employment, industry and trade - present and postwar
During the past four weeks comment has been on much the same lines as last month:
Fear of unemployment (All Regions) in the immediate and the postwar future is causing widespread uneasiness - especially among industrial workers - and a good deal of unrest. Some, however, think it should be possible to find jobs for everybody - to meet the demand “for the peacetime goods of which the world has been starved”; and some, too, have been encouraged by the White Paper on the reallocation of manpower between the armed forces and civilian employment.
Nevertheless, fear of unemployment far outweighs hope; it is attributed to the following factors:
(a) The present position in industry (All Regions). Particular mention is made of:
(i) Redundancy and / or enforced idleness in war factories (Nine Regions); “Hundreds of men and women turn up at the factories every day and have nothing to do”.
(ii) Reduced production (Eight Regions).
(iii) Unemployment (Seven Regions) - in some cases thought to be on the increase.
There are rumours of eight or nine thousand signing on at the Labour Exchanges on Tyneside; seven thousand at Sunderland; three thousand at Whitehaven; two thousand at Jarrow and Hepburn.
(iv) Dismissals (Seven Regions).
(v) Closing down of factories (Five Regions).
(vi) Government failure to use superfluous workers and war factories for the production of much needed civilian goods (Five Regions).
(vii) Incompetent direction of labour (Four Regions), e.g. redundancy in some factories, shortage of labour in others such as Teesside Iron and Steel; workers tied or directed to factories where there is no work for them to do, or where other workers are being dismissed at the same time; skilled workers being directed to unskilled jobs. There is also irritation that unemployed people are not allowed to walk into jobs which they know are available... “green cards are necessary, and these are refused”.
(viii) Hardening attitude of employers in industries affected by redundancy (Two Regions); “they are trying to break workers down for postwar exploitation...Gone are the days of co-operation and any deference to labour; once more labour is a commodity to be brought at the cheapest price”. Workers also allege that employers are using redundancy and the cancellation of deferment as a means of getting rid of awkward employees.
(ix) Women keeping men's jobs (Two Regions). Many married women are, however, anxious to return to their homes.
(b) The poor prospect for British export trade (Ten Regions). Pessimism is said to be due to:
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U.S. competition (Ten Regions). People fear we are being left far behind in production and in gaining old and new markets. The stranglehold of lease-lend, and of raw material and labour restrictions here, are much resented. In addition, it is felt most unfair that America has been able to start on peacetime production - “even though it has led to a shortage of shells for the Western front” - while our industries are tied to the war effort. One allegation, “having a very grave effect”, is that manufacturers have been instructed to tell prospective customers to place orders with U.S. firms.
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Government delay in helping manufacturers and businesses to prepare (Eight Regions). Manpower, raw material, and guidance about both of these and about the location of industry are all urgently wanted.
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Our prohibitive production costs (Three Regions). Employers feel wages will have to drop if we are to regain our export trade; workers bitterly resent this attitude: “we won't let the employers get away with it.”
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The present condition of our industrial plant (Two Regions). “It will take time to replace worn-out and out-of-date machinery.”
(c) Memories of what happened after the last war (Eight Regions), particularly in the then distressed areas and industries. The need for new light industries is again stressed. There is said to be a growing conviction in the Northern Region that Government policy of persuasion and priority in the building of factories for development areas is not enough: “There must be direction if manufacturers are to start new industries elsewhere than in the Midlands, the South and the London area.”
Ex-personnel of the Merchant Navy (Eight Regions): Indignation continues that they do not qualify for compulsory reinstatement in their civilian jobs.
Reduced wages (Seven Regions): Much uneasiness continues; pay packets are now in many cases inadequate with prices so high.
Strikes (Six Regions): Resentment and uneasiness continue at strikes and threats of strikes. Strong action is again demanded.
Controls (Five Regions): Opinion is still divided as to whether control of labour and raw material should continue. Many workers advocate national control... “they remember that absolutely unfettered capitalism produced the economic depression”. Managements, on the other hand, want to see all controls discontinued and a return made to free enterprise and competition. Generally, however, people feel a flexible measure of control will be needed.
Small traders (Five Regions): They continue to fear they will be ousted by multiple firms in the postwar world.
See also Constant Topics, Nos. 6. 14.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13)
15. Housing - present and postwar
During the past four weeks the housing situation, present and postwar, has remained the subject of widespread discussion, chiefly in relation to:
The present housing situation
(a) The shortage of housing and accommodation (All Regions) is the cause of widespread and incessant complaint, and of great indignation, anxiety and even of misery. The situation is said to be worse than ever in some parts of the country, particularly in areas suffering from enemy air attacks, and above all in London. Young married couples are again singled out as particular sufferers.
Three things specially annoy people: the failure of Service Departments to relinquish requisitioned property which is not in use, the sight of empty houses, and the knowledge that some people have more than one residence.
(b) High rents and prices (Twelve Regions) for every kind of accommodation are causing increasing anxiety and discontent. Numerous examples are quoted. There is a growing demand for control of rents and selling prices “before they rocket any further” (Seven Regions), and the Government is bitterly criticised for “failing to face up to this issue”.
(c) Repair delays and difficulties (Eight Regions). The situation in areas subject to enemy air attack has been dealt with weekly. In London and the South East complaints of slowness are again reported this week; and in the South Western Region there is a belief that “much graft goes on in connection with repair work and that precedence and treatment differ much from borough to borough”. Comment from other Regions has been rather desultory, but chiefly on the lines that the best use is not made of the available labour and materials. There is particular objection to the decoration of property which has not been damaged by the war. Even in “un-bombed” Regions, labour and materials are very hard to get. People think the first C.D. workers to be released should be builders.
Government building plans
There are widespread disappointment and apprehension at what is thought to be the lack of definite and comprehensive building schemes (Eleven Regions), and increasing criticism of the Government for its “slowness in attacking the desperate housing situation” (Eight Regions). People want “more action and fewer conferences and reports”.
There is great anxiety as to what will happen when demobilisation begins, and unrest is expected if returning Servicemen find no homes available; people hope houses for demobilised men and women will be built before the new House of Commons.
Particular reference is made to the difficulties of local authorities, uncertain of their powers and of what financial help to expect, and victims of the lack of co-ordination between the different Ministries. Seaside resorts, in need of rehabilitation, also wonder what Government help they can expect.
People have been slightly encouraged by the appointment of a new Minister and the announcement that housing is to be treated as a war measure. People feel that housing should, in fact, be “attacked in exactly the same way as munitions, with materials controlled and labour directed into the building trade, which should suffer dilution in the same way as the engineering trade has done”. “The energy and enterprise that went to the construction of the Mulberry harbours should be applied to the problem.”
Temporary housing
The idea of temporary houses remains unpopular, primarily because what people want is a permanent home. Other objections are made on the grounds that temporary houses are a waste of time, labour and money; are likely to become permanent; and are liable to be erected on sites which would otherwise be used for permanent building. On the other hand, it seems to be generally agreed that any house is better than none - or than sharing a house - and in that spirit the idea of temporary housing is accepted; but without enthusiasm and only on the understanding that a programme of permanent building is firmly and energetically undertaken at the same time.
The Portal house , which is the only temporary house discussed, is disliked because of its box-like appearance, its high price (“indicates profiteering somewhere”) and its smallness. There is again suspicion that “the steel trade, as a vested interest, is trying to force steel houses onto the public”. However, people in many parts of the country are anxious to inspect one. It is thought that if more people could inspect them the prejudice might be removed, though part of the opposition is thought to come from the building trade or people who are already comfortably housed. Some Londoners consider the improved Portal is more practical than the original model.
Objection is expressed to erecting prefabricated houses in areas which have their own local building materials and where there are living traditions of local building.
See also Constant Topics, No. 2.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13)
16. Clothing
The promise of more clothing next year has been greeted with pleasure; many say “the best news yet”.
During the past four weeks growing impatience with the stringency of the rationing of clothing and household linen has been reported. Before the announcement (November 24) that more supplies would be available in the coming year there was also increasing criticism of the Board of Trade for “not doing as much as possible to relieve hardship”. Even now there are doubts as to how long it will take for the promise to materialise.
Objection to clothes being sent to liberated countries continues on familiar lines.
Complaints have been chiefly of:
The insufficiency of coupons (Twelve Regions) for:
(a) Replacements generally (Twelve Regions). Even those who began the war with good stocks are now “at the end of their resources”. Footwear and underwear are the chief problems and it is suggested that in both cases the coupons could be reduced in number or dispensed with altogether.
Chief sufferers are again said to be:
-
Children (Eleven Regions) - there are many fears for their health this winter.
-
Workers in heavy industry (Eight Regions). However, the announcement about the issue of the Industrial Ten has been welcomed; some impatience at its non-appearance had been reported.
-
Men (Five Regions).
(b) Replacing household linen and curtains (Twelve Regions). Demands for a special household allowance continue. People again complain that they cannot take advantage of the dim-out because of the necessity of using coupons for curtains.
Footwear problems (Twelve Regions).
-
Children's footwear (Twelve Regions). Shortage - including Wellingtons; and poor quality. Children are again said in some cases to be prevented from going to school.
-
Adults' footwear (Twelve Regions). Poor quality and shortage, particularly of women's.
-
Repair difficulties (Twelve Regions). Difficulty in getting repairs accepted, their poor quality, the long time taken, and the difficulty of obtaining leather for home repairs.
-
The “quota” system in shops (Two Regions).
Bedding and household linen (Twelve Regions).
(a) Shortage (Eleven Regions) particularly of sheets (Ten Regions) - even for priority docket holders - and blankets (Eight Regions).
It is asked why blankets that are no longer needed by the Home Guard, Civil Defence workers and firewatchers are not made available to the public.
(b) High price (Nine Regions) - particularly of sheets (Five Regions).
(c) Priority docket scheme (Six Regions). Criticism continues, chiefly because cases of hardship are often found not to be covered by the scheme, because of alleged delay in issuing the dockets after application has been made, and because it has “now become quite impossible for non-docket holders to obtain supplies”.
Shortage of children's clothing (Ten Regions), and of clothing generally (Seven Regions). The “immediate release of all accumulated stocks” is asked for.
Knitting wool (Nine Regions), both shortage (Nine Regions) and poor quality (Four Regions).
Objections continue to sending alleged good quality wool and woollen garments to liberated countries when “our own children are so much in need of them”.
Some people ask for an issue of coupon-free wool so that they can knit for their relatives in the Services.
Poor quality of clothing generally (Nine Regions) - particularly children's (Seven Regions).
High price of clothing (Eight Regions) - particularly children's (Four Regions).
Corsets (Seven Regions) - both their quality (Six Regions) and shortage (Four Regions). Even the best are said to be almost useless.
The relaxing of restrictions has been welcomed.
Utility stockings (Seven Regions) - chiefly the poor quality of non-fashioned ones (Six Regions), and the shortage and high coupon value of fully-fashioned ones (Five Regions).
Utility socks (Five Regions): Their shortness is thought “ridiculous”.
Delays with bespoke tailoring orders (Two Regions).
See also Constant Topics, Nos. 1. 5. 9. 12. 26.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12)
16a Household supplies
People are pleased at the promise of better supplies, though some are sceptical as to how long it will take for these to materialise.
During the past four weeks complaints have continued about:
-
Floor coverings (Six Regions). Shortage and high price.
-
Utility furniture (Four Regions). The time taken in obtaining furniture points, and the delay after these have been obtained before the furniture is delivered.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12)
16b. Toys
During the past four weeks there have been increasing complaints of the “wicked” prices (Twelve Regions) and the “trashy” quality (Ten Regions) of Christmas toys - particularly of second-hand ones. People feel the Government has failed adequately to control this “racket”, and are correspondingly indignant.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12)
17. Domestic fuel
During the past four weeks complaints have continued on similar lines to last month and in about the same volume. They have been about:
(a) Poor quality of coal (Eleven Regions) - “mostly slack and dust”. People say such a small allowance should at least be of better quality, and are resentful at being charged the same price for poor coal, especially outcrop coal, as for better grades.
(b) Shortage of fuel (Eleven Regions). Although this is said to be “a real trial” already, anxiety is mostly about the winter, particularly if the weather is at all severe. People are very apprehensive - “We are going to have a job keeping warm.”
Many blame the shortage on the “complete mishandling” of the coal industry.
There is some complaint (Two Regions) of the shortage of coke.
(c) Irregular and delayed deliveries (Nine Regions). People complain that they are entirely dependent on their coal merchant, and that if, through no fault of their own, they are months behind with their allowance, it should be made up to them.
(d) “Inadequacy” of the allowance (Seven Regions), especially for old people, houses with evacuees, lodgers renting a single room, houses with central heating, and for those with no alternative means of cooking. At the same time, some are pleased with the introduction of a priority scheme, though they think it should include people without other means of heating and cooking, old people and invalids.
(e) High price of coal (Six Regions).
Other comment has been about:
Street lighting (Five Regions): Some people think this should not have been reintroduced in face of the need for fuel economy; others strongly criticise leaving street lights burning all day, and say this is a deterrent to economy.
Burning coal dumps (Four Regions): Criticism continues.
Fuel economy campaign (Three Regions): Some people feel there is a need for exhortations; others say the high cost and small allowance make them unnecessary, and the fact that coal production apparently falls as steadily as miners' wages increase makes exhortations especially galling. The Government and local authorities, also, are blamed for setting bad examples.
See also Constant Topics, No. 10.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12)
17a. Coal output
During the past four weeks comment about miners and mining has almost entirely centred round the decline in coal output.
Attitude of the general public
Disquiet and indignation are widely reported. People blame the present position on:
-
The miners (Eleven Regions). Annoyance and resentment are widespread; only a very small minority express any sympathy or praise. Many people think absenteeism and the decline in output are due to “pay as you earn” income tax; others say wages are so high that the miners can afford to lose time. Some think the miners are deliberately exploiting the nation so as to get their own way over nationalisation.
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The Ministry of Fuel and Power (Four Regions) and the Government (Three Regions), both of whom are accused of earlier indifference and weakness - “now we are paying the price”.
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Owners and managements (Three Regions). They are accused both of inefficiency and of keeping the better seams for after the war.
Nationalisation is discussed (Four Regions), though the majority of those debating it doubt whether it would solve the problems of the industry.
Attitude of the miners
Among the miners there is resentment at the limelight given to the decline in output and the absenteeism in their industry, and there is some suspicion of Ministry of Labour figures. The miners blame the drop in output on to:
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The use of out-of-date machinery (Two Regions).
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The Government (Two Regions), for “playing” with the industry instead of nationalising it.
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Mismanagement by the owners (Two Regions), whom the miners accuse of deliberate inefficiency in order to prove control is a failure; and of keeping the best seams for after the war.
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Tiredness, the fall in the number of men employed, and the bigger proportion of trainees (One Region each).
U.S. report (Three Regions): People want to know why the report has not been published, and regard the delay as highly suspicious. At the same time, some think no just comparisons can be made between the industries in the two countries.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12)
17b. Bevin boys
During the past four weeks the scheme has continued to be criticised by miners, parents, the boys themselves, and to some extent, the public. The ballot is thought “no solution”.
There is also some criticism of the boys for not “giving a square deal” (Three Regions). Miners in N.W. Durham and in Scotland complain that they do as little work as possible and take off as many days as they dare.
(1. 2. 3. 5. 8. 9. 11. 12)
18. Food
Comment continues - mainly critical - about the lifting of the ban on the manufacture of ice-cream. It aggravates feelings about the milk shortage, and people think it “ridiculous at this time of year”.
During the past four weeks , although people still express approval of the general food situation, there have been a number of complaints of inadequate rations, poor quality food, bad distribution and lack of variety.
Specific comment has been mainly about:
Inadequate rations of:
-
Milk, including dried and tinned milk (Twelve Regions). Great dissatisfaction with the milk situation continues to be reported. The smallness of the ration and its unequal distribution are widely criticised; the “official reason” for the cut is said to be disbelieved. Elderly people and those living alone are mentioned as suffering particularly. There is a demand for the release of more dried or tinned milk to help relieve the shortage.
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Fats (Nine Regions), especially for people living alone.
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Sugar (Eight Regions).
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Meat (Four Regions).
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Cheese (Two Regions).
Satisfaction with:
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Extra Christmas rations (Twelve Regions), though it is said that some would have liked an earlier distribution. Since the Ministry of Food's assurance that the liberated countries would be supplied first, only a small minority now feel “conscience striken”. The tea for old people continues the most popular concession.
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Better supplies of dried fruit (Three Regions).
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The whiter loaf (Three Regions) - but a few people say the new white loaf upsets them.
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Better supplies of fresh fruit (Three Regions).
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Improved quality of sausages (Two Regions) and the release of tinned sausages.
Shortage and unequal distribution of:
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Fish (Ten Regions).
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Eggs (Nine Regions). Priority for babies is appreciated, but it is felt that children up to two or three years need eggs just as much.
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Oatmeal (Seven Regions).
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Suet (Six Regions).
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Dried fruit (Five Regions), especially currants and prunes.
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Custard Powder (Four Regions).
-
Fresh fruit (Three Regions). The lack of fruit in the North is strongly criticised. The high price of fruit is complained of.
-
Cereals (Three Regions).
Oranges (Nine Regions). Though pleasure is expressed in places where oranges have been distributed, there is again much bitterness about women at work all day having to go without, shop-crawling, and under-the-counter sales. The non-appearance of oranges in London has aroused resentment; it is hoped that, when they are obtainable, they will be fairly distributed.
Bacon (Seven Regions). Dissatisfaction with its poor quality and the inclusion in the ration of the fat bacon.
Meat (Six Regions). The poor quality of meat causes complaint (Four Regions), also the lack of variety and shortage of cheaper joints.
Turkeys (Six Regions). It is hoped that they will be fairly distributed.
Points (Five Regions). Some relaxation in the points rationing is thought necessary.
Vegetables (Three Regions). People complain of the poor quality and shortage of potatoes and the high price and waste sold with cabbages and cauliflowers.
See also Constant Topics, Nos. 4. 13. 20. 28. 31.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12)
18a. Shopping difficulties
During the past four weeks , familiar complaints have continued about: Lunch-hour and early evening closing, which complicates workers' shopping; Queues; Under-the-counter sales, particularly of oranges; Incivility of shopkeepers and assistants.
See also Constant Topics, No. 16.
(1. 2. 5. 7. 8. 9. 10)
19. Transport
During the past four weeks there has been continuous and widespread comment about transport, chiefly in relation to:
Buses (Eleven Regions):
-
Unsatisfactory transport (Eleven Regions), specially due to:
-
Inadequate services generally (Ten Regions), particularly in rural areas (Nine Regions), in the evenings (Seven Regions) and on Sundays (Three Regions). There is some resentment at the tardiness of local transport authorities who have not already arranged for a later bus service and better week-end buses.
-
Overcrowding (Seven Regions). One report refers to a bus with 37 standing passengers.
-
Long waits in queues (Five Regions), particularly in bad weather. There is a call for shelters, and gratitude where they have been erected.
-
Buses failing to stop at request - and even at compulsory - stops, although there are vacant seats (Three Regions).
-
-
Improved services (Ten Regions). Though complaints about inadequate transport continue widespread, there are many appreciative references to conditions improving - though often only slightly - and to the introduction of later buses.
-
The priority system (Four Regions), described as a blessing to workers but a source of exasperation to others.
Railways (Six Regions):
-
Overcrowded trains (Five Regions).
-
Demand for better lighting in trains (Three Regions).
-
“Filthy railway stations” (One Region).
See also Constant Topics, No. 7.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 12)
19a. Petrol
During the past four weeks discussion has continued about:
-
Reintroduction of the basic petrol ration (Eleven Regions). The demand persists unabated; hope persists, too, but there is increasing disappointment that the basic ration does not, after all, seem likely to be reintroduced in the New Year, and rumours on the subject are fewer. Some, believing the petrol to be in the country, speak indignantly of “the arrogant authority of the Petroleum Department”; others believe a shortage of tyres is holding things up; yet others suspect “political reasons”.
-
Allegedly unfair and inadequate allocations (Five Regions), mostly to business men, who say they do not get enough for their legitimate needs.
-
Waste and misuse (Four Regions).
See also Constant Topics, No. 11.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 12)
20. Home Guard
H.M. The King's broadcast message : Preliminary reports indicate that people were delighted at this, his “best microphone talk of the war”. Women felt it was “a nice tribute to their menfolk” and particularly liked the references to Home Guard wives. The reference to Northern Ireland was welcome there.
During the past four weeks there have been reports of a feeling, chiefly among C.D. and Fire Guard personnel, that the Home Guard have been rather too well treated at their expense (Six Regions), both in respect of relaxed duties and responsibilities and also in respect of public recognition (See Section 21, Civil Defence and 21b, Special Constables).
Apart from this, the following familiar reactions have continued:
-
Grumbling at being “put aside” with insufficient recognition (Nine Regions). (As only preliminary reports have been received so far, it is not possible to say whether Sunday's parade and H.M. the King's broadcast have now been accepted as sufficient recognition.)
-
Pleasure and relief at the stand-down (Six Regions), particularly on the part of men with specially arduous jobs, and wives who are glad their husbands can now help in the house a bit more.
-
A feeling that the stand-down is premature (Six Regions), particularly in coastal areas, and that it would have been better to have continued till the defeat of Germany - even if with only one parade a month.
(1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12)
21. The dim-out
During the past four weeks familiar reactions have continued:
-
Pleasure in areas affected, where it has helped to raise spirits and has been specially welcome in lonely districts.
-
Disappointment where black-out continues - “a complete flop” in London after the first cheering announcement.
-
Irritation at, and failure to understand, delays and apparent inconsistencies in applying the dim-out (e.g. If Lyme Regis, why not Sidmouth? Why should Totnes be dark when Bournemouth is lit?).
-
Conflicting views as to whether it is premature, particularly in coastal areas, or, alternatively, insufficiently widespread or drastic.
-
Uncertainty as to what relaxations are allowed in the domestic black-out.
Motorists (Seven Regions) continue to grumble at increased difficulties caused by better street lighting, saying they are dazzled by the lights in streets and windows and get no help from their own headlamps. They also complain of the alternation between patches of light and darkness where street lamps are too far apart, and of the danger of driving from a dim-out to a black-out area. Better car lighting is demanded as much for safety as for convenience, and there is sympathy with the bus drivers' demands.
(1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 12)
22. Civil Defence services
During the past four weeks comment has related chiefly to relaxation of duties and cuts in personnel, and follows these main lines:
-
Feelings of resentment (Six Regions) on various scores: Personnel - released as well as retained - are resentful at not getting the recognition they deserve (Five Regions)... “not even the modicum of praise and gratitude lavished on the Home Guard”... “Too much fuss is made of the Home Guard, at the expense of the C.D. and N.F.S.”. A certificate for service similar to that given to the Home Guard is recommended for C.D. workers. In London, it is said, volunteers now have to watch damaged houses to prevent looting, as the Home Guard cannot be called on to help. C.D. part-timers complain of having to do extra night duties because full-timers have been released.
-
Personnel welcoming their lighter duties (Five Regions).
-
A feeling that relaxations and cuts are unwise in view of continued enemy air attacks (Five Regions). This view comes from London particularly.
In the Northern Region, however, some people press for a stand-down of the C.D., and N.F.S., especially in districts where there has been no enemy activity, thinking the men could be better employed in the army. In the North Western Region, too, the number of young men in the N.F.S. is thought excessive.
(1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 8. 10. 11. 12)
22a. Fire Guard
During the past four weeks pleasure at the relaxation of duties has continued, marred here and there by a feeling that it is premature that it is too slow in taking place, or that it is not going to take place at all. It is thought unfair that women should still have to firewatch, while the Home Guard are released.
(2. 3. 5. 12)
22b. Special constables
During the past four weeks there has been a little comment to the effect that special constables are still having to bear a heavy burden with their present duties, while other services have had relaxations. “Comparing their lot with that of members of the H.G., C.D., etc, they feel they are not getting a fair deal.”
(1. 10)
23. National Insurance
During the past four weeks comment has been much less detailed, but on familiar lines. The great majority, especially among the working class, continue to approve; some people, however, feel that its practicability depends ultimately on whether or not we are able to maintain full employment after the war.
There is again some demand for more information and explanation, preferably in the form of a pamphlet such as the one issued to explain P.A.Y.E.
Earlier in the month people expressed great hopes that the necessary legislation would be passed with the least possible delay, and at any rate during the lifetime of the present Parliament. Since the King's speech opening the new session (November 29), and, to a lesser extent, the Prime Minister's speech (November 29) these hopes have been somewhat dashed; people now think legislation unlikely before an election. Their doubts about the Government's sincerity over national insurance and their cynicism about realisation of postwar plans generally - which had rather died down when the scheme was just published - have been strengthened.
Other people are pessimistic because they think the proposals will be so whittled down, probably through the influence of big insurance and other business interests, that they will not be recognisable.
Opposition to the plan continues among a minority, said mostly to be employers, middle-class, right-wing and business people. Their opposition is based on the familiar arguments that the proposals would discourage thrift, encourage ne'er-do-wells, and shift personal responsibility.
Many people still discuss the question of paying for the scheme; some middle-class and right-wing people doubt whether it can be done.
The debate in the House has aroused little detailed comment, though people have followed it with interest and, generally, with satisfaction. Criticism is chiefly of the time “wasted” in changing the name. The change itself is unpopular, some suspecting “ulterior motives”, others feeling that the new title loses “the human touch”. Sir William Beveridge's speeches have aroused some interest and satisfaction; people hope he will have considerable influence in getting the Bill passed.
Specific comment has been chiefly about :
-
Family allowances (Five Regions). Some continue to think these should be payable to the mother; others think the allowances insufficient, or that the first child should be included.
-
The benefits in general (Five Regions). Some feel they are too low; others complain that they are not pegged to the cost of living.
-
Retirement pensions (Four Regions). Some old people look forward to better treatment under the new scheme, but others think they will be worse off than at present.
-
Existing insurance and superannuation policies (Four Regions). People who are already contributing continue very concerned about past payments, and about whether they will have to contribute to both schemes.
-
Friendly Societies and insurance companies (Four Regions). On the whole, of those who discuss the question, most appear to hope for the continuance of Friendly Societies; though opinion is more divided on the subject of insurance companies.
-
Contributions (Three Regions). There is some worry about these among employers and others. A few say contributions compare unfavourably with those to insurance companies and approved societies.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12)
23a. White Paper on Industrial Injury Insurance
During the past four weeks there has been very little comment, though on the whole those who are interested approve of the suggested changes.
(1. 2. 5. 8. 12)
24. Demobilisation
During the past four weeks comment has been on familiar lines, but on a reduced scale. The White Paper proposals continue generally to be thought as fair as is possible. Other comment has been chiefly about:
-
Overseas service (Six Regions). Many people continue to think it wrong that those who have been overseas should have no advantage over those who have remained at home.
-
The continued call-up of young people (Three Regions). People think this an excellent way of speeding-up the return home of older men.
-
Employment for demobilised men (Three Regions): Some feel that more important than anything else is the assurance of jobs for the men, and that if it is necessary in order to avoid unemployment demobilisation must be very gradual.
-
Length of service (Two Regions). Some still prefer “first in first out” as a basis for demobilisation.
-
Skilled and professional workers (Two Regions). There is some anxiety as to when such categories will be released; some feel it is essential it should be as early as possible.
(2. 3. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 12)
25. Servicemen's pay, pensions, and dependants' allowances
During the past four weeks comment has declined, but has been on familiar lines:
(a) Inadequacy of Servicemen's dependants' allowances and pensions (Seven Regions). Strong feeling continues among wives because the recent increases are, in many cases, nullified either by a decrease in War Service Grant or because the made-up pay from a husband's former employer is reduced by the amount of the increase.
There is some surprise and regret because parents who have lost their son do not automatically get a pension.
(b) Disabled Servicemen's pensions (Four Regions). People think pensions inadequate and that tribunals should be more humane and less parsimonious. There is also some feeling that where a man was originally accepted as A.1 for the Army and is later discharged as unfit he should always have a pension. At present, it is said, the Government claims in many cases that deterioration has not been due to war service, and the man gets no pension.
(c) Inadequacy of Servicemen's pay (Three Regions).
See also Constant Topics, No. 15.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 8. 9. 12)
26. British prisoners of war in German hands
During the past four weeks relatives have continued to worry about:
-
The slow and non-delivery of parcels to camps in Germany.
-
Danger to their men as a result of possible ill-treatment by the Germans as the war progresses, our heavy bombing, or the tide of battle reaching their camps.
(1. 3. 5. 9. 12)
27. Education
During the past four weeks there has been increased discussion of educational matters, chiefly in relation to:
The Education Act (Ten Regions): Comment has been on familiar lines. The school-leaving age has been the point most talked about. Though country people and some poor people continue much opposed to the leaving age being raised, its postponement is generally regretted.
The Burnham Committee's suggested salary scales for teachers (Eight Regions), discussion of which has not been entirely confined to the profession. While the proposed scales are welcomed, criticism is made in connection with:
-
The failure to differentiate between Elementary and Secondary school teachers (Four Regions).
-
The failure to give sufficient recognition to a University degree (Four Regions); the extra pay for graduates is considered insufficient to cover the expenses of University training, or to encourage the acceptance of greater responsibility.
-
The discrimination between men and women (Two Regions).
-
General inadequacy (Two Regions). It is felt that better salaries for teachers are necessary if the profession is not to be a dead end. A few of the ordinary public, on the other hand, ratepayers among them, do not welcome the idea of a general increase in teachers' pay, in view of their short hours, long holidays, and the security of their job.
The supply of teachers (Seven Regions). There is a good deal of concern over the shortage of teachers and it is felt that this, even more than the lack of accommodation, may prevent the implementation of the Act. There is some feeling that the one-year training scheme for teachers will not be satisfactory, but will tend to lower the status of the profession.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 12)
28. Health
During the past four weeks complaints of war weariness and nervous strain have been widespread. Coughs and colds are said to be very prevalent and there are many complaints of minor ailments - particularly among factory workers - for which wartime diet and long hours of work are chiefly blamed. People generally feel they need more rest. Government statements about the nation's good health are said “not to impress” in view of the innumerable minor illnesses reported. On the other hand, a minority say that apart from colds and tiredness, the general health of the public is thought fairly good.
Relaxation of Home Guard and Fire Guard duties and the partial lifting of the black-out have given relief.
Shortage of hospital and maternity home accommodation (Three Regions): Serious shortage of beds is reported. Patients are said to be discharged from some hospitals before they are really well enough, in order to make room for others.
See also Constant Topics Nos. 8. 17. 18. 19. 23. 27.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12)
28a. National Health Service
During the past four weeks little comment has been reported. Some people think a State service is the best for the country as a whole, while others would prefer to continue with a private practitioner.
There is speculation about the future of voluntary hospitals, as it is thought unlikely that if workers are to pay higher rates of insurance contributions after the war they will be willing to subscribe to voluntary hospital schemes. Better State hospitals with greatly increased accommodation for maternity cases are thought desirable.
(1. 3. 5. 10)
29. Agriculture
During the past four weeks comment has been chiefly about:
Labour (Eight Regions): Shortage of labour generally is said to be one of the farmers' chief difficulties. The work of school-children and Italian prisoners is appreciated and people feel more use could be made of the latter in agriculture. There is some dismay among farmers who believe the W.L.A. will be demobilised shortly.
A shortage of shepherds and stockmen is specified. Younger men are said to want jobs that finish in the evening and at weekends. Tied cottages are specially disliked; farm workers are said to try to avoid jobs with this type of accommodation, as they are called out to work at all times, irrespective of the agreed weekly working period.
Wages (Seven Regions): Dissatisfaction among farm workers continues, and there is some sympathy for them. It is felt that they will “be allowed to fall behind other industries, after being told they came only second to the Merchant Navy in importance”. On the other hand, small farmers find it very difficult to meet the cost of labour.
Some think wages should be scaled according to the nature of the work and type of skill, rather than all being on the same level.
High price of casual labour is complained of - Irish labourers employed on beet and potato harvests are said to ask about £10 a week clear of income tax.
Postwar agriculture (Prior to Mr. Hudson's statement in the House December 5, about which no comment has so far been received), (Six Regions): Farmers continue very uneasy about the postwar prospects of their industry, which they fear will be allowed to decline as it did after 1918. They are growing increasingly anxious about the apparent refusal of the Government to arrange any long-term policy, and compare this with what they believe to be the wide-scale planning of other industries. Agricultural workers fear their wages will fall and some people think a continuation of certain subsidies will be necessary. On the other hand, there is minority comment of “too many subsidies”, and it is suggested that any subsidies given should depend on the grade of the product.
Potato and sugar beet harvest (Five Regions): Much anxiety because owing to wet weather and labour shortage, many acres of potatoes and sugar beet still remain to be harvested. Some people fear this means a shortage and consequent rationing of potatoes this winter.
Grain harvest (Four Regions): Much sympathy is felt for farmers where crops, through labour shortage and the bad weather, are “still lying, some uncut, in the fields”.
In the Southern Region, some farmers complain of the refusal of millers to buy large quantities of wheat because it is wet and some of it has started to germinate. Farmers cannot feed it to their cattle because it is “potentially millable” according to the authorities and if they store it, it will deteriorate rapidly in their barns.
Preparations for next year (Three Regions): So far as weather permits, farmers are getting on with their preparations; but many are worried because they are behind-hand with ploughing and sowing owing to the sodden state of the fields.
Some ask for direction about grain crops, as they are hesitating to plant winter seed in view of the possibility that a smaller wheat acreage will be needed.
Cropping policy and soil fertility (Two Regions): Comment is made on the folly of compulsory orders to grow crops on unsuitable land against the judgment of local farmers; “poor yields of potatoes riddled with disease” are cited, and “grain grown on some high lands is said to be a dead loss every season”. The recent decrease in ploughing-up orders has been well received in one district of the Northern Region.
Some farmers fear the land is being spoilt by being worked so hard, and maintain that the use of chemical fertilisers impoverishes soil in the long run.
Feeding stuffs for stock (Two Regions): It is thought that the allocation is too small and that an increased allowance would give an increased milk yield.
War Agricultural Executive Committees (Two Regions): Some dislike is reported of control by these committees, and there is complaint of their cost to the country... “the country is being flooded with officials”.
(1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12)
30. Income tax
During the past four weeks comment, again on a reduced scale, has been mainly about:
-
P.A.Y.E. (Six Regions). Absenteeism (Five Regions), and refusal to work overtime (Four Regions) continue to be attributed to the scheme. Some workers are said to feel that overtime pay should be free of tax or should be taxed more lightly.
-
Postwar credits (Four Regions). People continue suspicious that these will not be paid, or at least not in cash.
-
The burden of taxation (Two Regions) - both for workers and business men.
(1. 2. 3. 5. 7. 9. 12)
31. Domestic help
During the past four weeks comment about the lack of domestic help has decreased. References are, however, still made to the plight of old people, invalids, pregnant women and mothers with large families. People feel many women in the Forces who are believed to be idle at present could be released for domestic service.
(1. 4. 6. 7. 8. 9)
III. MONTHLY SUMMARY OF CONSTANT TOPICS NO. 30
(Covering period from 7th November to 5th December, 1944)
All topics arising for the first time are included in the main Weekly Reports. The following have lost their novelty, while still retaining their importance for large sections of the public. They are arranged according to the frequency with which they have been reported.
No subject has been included to which fewer than nine references have been made during the past month.
The following subjects, included in this list last month, are now omitted as there have been fewer than nine references to them during the past month: (i) Hope of, or desire for food concessions . (ii) Inadequacy of old age pensions . (iii) Shortage of washing soda . (iv) Shortage of dried fruit .